Introduction: Steoporosis is currently one of the prevalent diseases. The effect of exercise on bone marrow density (BMD) has been documented for all age groups. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of endurance vs. RESISTANCE TRAININGs on local Bone Mineral Density (BMD) changes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six volunteer female university students (age average: 22.58±1.56; Body Mass Index average: 22.85±2.17), with sedentary lifestyles, were selected and randomly divided to three groups (n=12 in each group). These groups were determined as: The endurance group who ran for 36 sessions on a treadmill over a period of 3 weeks at 70 to 80 percent of the maximum heart-beat rate. They were required to run for 40 minutes per session on the other hand, the RESISTANCE group received 36 circuit TRAINING sessions at the rate of 70 to 80 percent of 1RM with 6 to 8 repetitions in 3 sets with 2 minutes of rest in between. The third group of the study was the control group.Results: Both the endurance and the RESISTANCE TRAINING protocols induced significant increases in BMD in the areas of lumbar, neck and femur (P<0.05). However, the variation was more significant for the endurance group in the neck and femur while it was in the aerobic group where better effects were observed in the lumbar region (P<0.05). Conclusion: There was no considerable differences between the two modes of exercise (i.e. endurance and RESISTANCE) in terms of the increase of skeleton’s local bone mineral density.

Introduction and purpose: It is important to improve the anabolic state compared to the catabolic state in the body, especially through hormonal changes. The aim of this study is examine effect of RESISTANCE TRAINING using body weight and omega-3 supplementation on salivary testosterone and cortisol hormones in young non-athlete women. Materials and methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 young women after obtaining written consent were randomly divided into four exercise+supplement groups. Exercise+placebo, supplement and control were divided. The RESISTANCE TRAINING program was performed three sessions a week with an intensity of 55-70% of one maximum repetition for six weeks. Three 1000 mg omega-3 capsules were prescribed daily in three meals. The maximum strength of the upper and lower body muscles as well as the levels of testosterone and salivary cortisol hormones before and after the exercise and supplementation protocol were evaluated and the resulting data were analyzed by the analysis of variance test. Results: : Six weeks of RESISTANCE TRAINING using body weight and omega-3 supplementation alone and interactively did not have a significant effect on the levels of salivary testosterone (TRAINING, p=0. 08, Supplement, p=0. 72, TRAINING× Supplement, p=0. 81) and cortisol (TRAINING, p=0. 44, Supplement, p=0. 38, TRAINING× Supplement, p=0. 31) hormones in young women. Also, although the interactive effect of exercise + supplement on the maximum strength of lower body and upper body muscles increased by 1. 47 and 1. 63%, respectively, these changes were not significant.

Background & Aim: Exercise TRAINING, as a practical strategy, plays an important role in increasing adropin, adiponillin, reducing insulin RESISTANCE and preventing complications of overweight. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of exercise TRAINING on adropin, adiponillin, and insulin RESISTANCE indices in overweight and obese adult women. Methods: A systematic search was conducted for English and Farsi articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Sid and Magiran databases until June 2024. The mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test, and publication bias was evaluated through visual analysis of the funnel plot and Egger's test. Results: A total of 9 studies (10 interventions) and 208 overweight and obese adult female subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that exercise TRAINING had a non-significant effect on adropin [WMD=-0.387 (3.820 to -0.534) P=0.139], adipolin [WMD=3.320 (14.674 to -8.034) P=0.573], as well as a non-significant decrease in glucose [WMD=-7.222 (-2.153 to -12.291) P=0.005], insulin [WMD=-1.337 (0.503 to -3.178) P=0.154] and insulin RESISTANCE [WMD=0.254 (0.048 to -0.181) P=-0.067] compared to the control group of overweight and obese adult women. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis revealed that exercise TRAINING did not significantly improve adropin, adiponillin, and insulin RESISTANCE indices in overweight and obese adult women. Specifically, exercise TRAINING did not lead to a significant decrease in these indices compared to the control group.

Background: Obesity is known to have metabolic complications including insulin RESISTANCE (IR) and metabolic disorder. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two traditional 12-week circular RESISTANCE TRAINING methods on the levels of branched and aromatic amino acids and insulin RESISTANCE of overweight and obese men. Methods: The current research method is of the clinical trial type, with Thirty-three overweight and obese men with mean and standard deviation of age, weight and body mass index were 17.7±0.13 years, 92±2.45 kg and 30.70±32 1.32 kg / m2, respectively. They were selected and randomly divided into three groups: circular RESISTANCE TRAINING (n= 11), traditional RESISTANCE TRAINING (n= 11) and control (n= 11). The TRAINING program consisted of two traditional RESISTANCE TRAINING protocols and 12-week wave circuits that were exactly the same volume; Which was run three times a week. Blood sampling was performed 48 hours before and after the TRAINING protocol and after 8 hours of fasting. HPLC was used to measure serum levels of amino acids. Results: The results of analysis of variance in the groups showed that circuit TRAINING more than 2 times compared to traditional TRAINING reduces total BCAAs (35.9 vs. 15.5%) and AAAs in serum (19.5 vs. 9%) and equally the level of insulin RESISTANCE. (23 and 26.7 percent, respectively) reduced the door in overweight and obese young men. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the level of changes in circular RESISTANCE TRAINING was higher than traditional. Circular RESISTANCE TRAINING may be able to prevent obesity-related metabolic disorders.

Background and Aim: Aging and the progressive effects of sarcopenia on muscle tissue, coupled with its synergy with obesity, highlight the increasing role of myostatin as a key factor in muscle atrophy and inter-tissue interactions. Physical exercise may influence these pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of eight weeks of RESISTANCE TRAINING and high-intensity interval TRAINING (HIIT) on the strength of the lower limb muscles and myostatin levels in the visceral fat, soleus muscle, and serum of obese, aged male rats. Methods: This experimental study involved 40 male Wistar rats (mean age: 15 months, weight: 320–350 grams). Ten rats were designated as the control group, while the remaining 30 underwent a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce obesity. Obese rats, with a Lee Index greater than 310, were divided into three groups: obese control, HIIT, and RESISTANCE TRAINING. The TRAINING regimen lasted eight weeks with three weekly sessions. The RESISTANCE TRAINING group performed exercises with weights corresponding to 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of body weight on a ladder. The HIIT group performed treadmill intervals at 85% (high intensity) and 50% (low intensity) of maximum speed in 2-minute intervals. Forty-eight hours after the final TRAINING session, tissue samples from the soleus muscle, serum, and visceral fat were collected. Results: Significant differences in myostatin protein levels in the soleus muscle, visceral fat, and serum were observed between the control and exercise groups (P<0.05). Post-hoc analysis revealed that myostatin levels in the obese control group were significantly higher than those in the exercise and non-obese control groups across all measured tissues (P<0.05). While myostatin levels were lower in the RESISTANCE TRAINING group compared to the HIIT group, this difference was not statistically significant. Both TRAINING modalities reduced myostatin levels relative to the obese control group, although the reduction was not sufficient to bring levels closer to those of the non-obese control group. Conclusion: Both RESISTANCE TRAINING and high-intensity interval TRAINING, through distinct mechanical and metabolic stressors, significantly reduced myostatin expression in various tissues. These findings suggest that physical exercise, regardless of modality, represents an effective approach to mitigate the rate of muscle atrophy associated with aging and sarcopenic obesity.

2Background and Aim: Apoptosis is regulated by a complex interplay of gene products that either activate or inhibit this process. This study aimed at assessing the combined impact of nanocurcumin supplementation and RESISTANCE TRAINING on TERF2 (Telomeric Repeat Binding Factor 2) gene expression and the p21-p53 axis in the muscle tissue of male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups: a healthy control group, a RESISTANCE TRAINING group, a nanocurcumin group, and a RESISTANCE TRAINING + nanocurcumin group. RESISTANCE TRAINING was conducted over a 4-week period following a specific protocol. Concurrently, rats in the nanocurcumin groups received 80 mg of the supplement per kilogram of body weight. The expression levels of TERF2, p53, and p21 genes were assessed using the Real-Time PCR method. Results: The results showed significant differences in the expression levels of TERF2, p53, and p21 genes among the four groups (P<0.05). In the RESISTANCE TRAINING + nanocurcumin group, the expression of TERF2, p53, and p21 genes was significantly higher compared to the control group (P<0.05). Additionally, p53 gene expression in the RESISTANCE TRAINING group was significantly higher than in the nanocurcumin supplement group (P<0.05). The combined RESISTANCE TRAINING and nanocurcumin supplementation did not significantly affect the expression of the TERF2 gene in the muscle tissue of male rats compared to either TRAINING or supplementation alone (P<0.05). Furthermore, the synergistic effect of RESISTANCE TRAINING and supplementation significantly increased the expression of p21 and p53 genes (P<0.05). Conclusion: RESISTANCE TRAINING and nanocurcumin supplementation enhance TERF2 gene expression, potentially reducing telomere shortening and aging. Moreover, the upregulation of p53 and p21 gene expression during RESISTANCE TRAINING and nanocurcumin supplementation may induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Purpose: The purpose of this applied research is to study the effectiveness of gamification on corporate TRAINING.  Methodology: A gamified course was designed and implemented to train the location of Fire Hosing Cabinet for 24 employees of a firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Using a quantitative quasi-experimental research plan (post-test only control group design) the participants of the study were randomly assigned to treatment (12) and control (12) groups and trained for a week.  Conclusion: The descriptive and interpretive result of the posttest analyses indicated the effectiveness of gamification of the TRAINING performed for the employees of the firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Moreover, the descriptive result of Gamification Acceptance Questionnaire answered by the members of the experimental group after gamified TRAINING indicated that all the participants in the experimental group were satisfied with the gamified TRAINING course.

Backward walking compared to forward walking in combination with RESISTANCE TRAINING and their interference effect have been less studied. So, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of three RESISTANCEs, concurrent forward walking, and backward walking TRAINING on the physical and cardiac function in middle-aged men. Methods: In a semi-experimental study design, 48 middle-aged (mean age 56. 5±4. 3 years, mean weight 79. 4 ±4. 9 kg and mean body mass index 27 ±2. 9 kg/m2) were recruited and randomly assigned into four groups: Group 1) RESISTANCE TRAINING (n=8), Group 2) RESISTANCE–aerobic TRAINING forward walking/running (n=10), Group 3) RESISTANCE–aerobic TRAINING backward walking/running (n=11), and Group 4) control (n=9). The TRAINING was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week. 48-h after the last exercise TRAINING, echocardiography (TAPSE, LVEDD, ESV, EF, and RHR), muscle strength, and aerobic capacity were performed. An analysis of variance with repeated measures test was used to analyze the data (p<0. 05). Results: The results showed that despite improvement in aerobic capacity (Group1. 2, 3 and 4, 6. 1, 8. 4, 7. 5, and 1. 3 percent respectively) and muscle strength (Group1. 2, 3 and 4, 5. 5, 2. 15, 3. 8, and-1. 1 kg respectively) there was no significant difference between or within groups in any cardiac performance variables (P>0. 05). However, the TRAINING improved some physical performance. Conclusion: In middle-aged men, eight weeks of combined TRAINING regardless of aerobic type (forward or backward walking or running), although it improves aerobic capacity and muscle strength, has no significant effect on cardiac performance. Perhaps the duration or intensity of the TRAINING was not enough to affect these variables, which could be considered in future studies

Repetition maximum regimes, including the Delorme method, repetition maximum, strength zone, hypertrophy zone, local muscular endurance zone, and autoregulation progression RESISTANCE model TRAINING for the trained RESISTANCE population manipulate autoregulation. These are repetition maximum performance components; however, performance level determination of RESISTANCE TRAINING working has been cleared on autoregulation progression exercise condition. Auto-regulated repetition maximum strategies comprehensively strength-hypertrophy-endurance-power lower-upper compartment muscular synchronization method, for future research reported that repetition maximum ranges adjusted for RESISTANCE zone principal stages. This report's knowledge is that autoregulation RESISTANCE TRAINING is limited to repetition reserve periodization, multiple set and difference interval rests planning, velocity-based transition force detection, and one repetition maximum strength performance. In this methodology, experimental research included performing different autoregulation RESISTANCE TRAINING strategies, methodologic risk no, priority results obtained from the experimental trial, no limitation journal, and participation. Accordingly, this report concluded that one experimental strength performance, velocity-based randomization condition, and manipulated repetition working session increased the maximum strength periodization for time-dependent micro and maximal strength-force macro periodization. In conclusion, autoregulation RESISTANCE TRAINING periodization has not been clear on periodic RESISTANCE TRAINING setups that properly enhance strength and condition for sports performance and exercise selection non-linear and linear weekly periodization in different sport modalities and RESISTANCE TRAINING individuals.

Background: The most common causes of mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus are cardiovascular disorders; and one of their reasons is inflammatory factors. Given that physical activity can reduce inflammation, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of two types of progressive RESISTANCE TRAINING (RT) and high-intensity interval TRAINING (HIIT) on the expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κ B) gene and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α ) in male diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 72 male rats were divided into 6 groups of 12 diabetic rats, control, diabetic + intensity interval TRAINING (DIIT), HIIT, diabetic + RESISTANCE TRAINING (DRT), and RT. Progressive RESISTANCE TRAINING was performed in 6 week, 3 sessions per week, as climbing a vertical ladder with additional weights of 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100% the body weight of the animals. After successful completion, 30 grams were added to the weights, to the extent that the rats could not carry the ladder. HIIT were also performed at in 6 week, 3 sessions per week, with an intensity of 50% to 110% of the VO2max. 24 hours after the completion of the TRAINING, the hand grip and time to exhaustion functional test was taken, and the animals were autopsied 48 hours after the test. Finally, the expression of NF-κ B gene was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) technique and ANOVA statistical test. Findings: The expression of NF-κ B gene in HIIT group increased more than RT group (P = 0. 0007), and serum TNF-α decreased significantly after both types of exercise in HIIT group (6/13) which was more obvious. Conclusion: 6 weeks of HIIT and RT TRAINING can play an important role in significantly reducing inflammation, and adapting to strength and endurance.